General
Information is from dictionaries and other sources. Species list may not be current. Korean glosses are tentative. Comments and corrections welcome. Hover over Green Lettering Green lettering at this site hides a tool tip with glosses, further explanations, etc. Hover cursor to reveal. to see additional information.
Japanese is rich in distinctive names for the finches. Names date back to the 19th century when ornithological names were first decided.
1. アトリ atori refers to the Brambling (genus Fringilla).
2. ヒワ hiwa refers to the Greenfinches (Chloris), Siskins (Spinus), and Redpolls (Acanthis).
3. マシコ mashiko refers to species known at the time as "rosefinches" (genera Leucosticte, Carpodacus, Chaunoproctus, and Pinicola).
4. ウソ uso refers to the Bullfinch (Pyrrhula).
5. シメ shime (or ヒメ hime) refers to the Hawfinch (Coccothraustes). The variant pronunciations are possibly related to the well-known confusion between シ shi and ヒ hi in Tokyo varieties of Japanese.
6. イカル ikaru refers to the Grosbeaks (Eophona).
7. イスカ isuka refers to the Crossbills (Loxia).
While the modern scientific names use katakana in Japanese, historically these names were written in Chinese characters. The representation of finch names is particularly complex because, being richer in finch names than Chinese, Japanese was forced to innovate when writing them with Chinese characters:
アトリ atori (Brambling) is written 花鶏 'flower fowl' or 猲子鳥.
- 花鶏 (Mandarin 'flowery fowl') is a Chinese name for the Brambling.
- 猲子 or had canine or lupine-related meanings in ancient Chinese. Its use for birds in 猲子鳥 (using the character 鳥 'bird'), is of unclear origin.
ヒワ hiwa (Siskins etc.) is written 鶸 in Chinese characters. 鶸 originally referred to a large kind of fowl in Chinese but has been appropriated to write ヒワ in Japanese.
マシコ mashiko (Rosefinches) is written 猿子 'monkey' in Chinese characters. Mashiko is an old Japanese word meaning 'monkey', probably extended to the birds in reference to the monkey's red face.
ウソ uso (Bullfinch) is written 鷽, a character that in Chinese originally appears to have been used for a bird resembling the Japanese Paradise Flycatcher Terpsiphone atrocaudata or Dollarbird Eurystomas orientalis.
シメ shime (or ヒメ hime) (Hawfinch) is written 鴲 or 蝋嘴 in Chinese characters, or sometimes also 姫 'princess' (pronounced hime).
- 鴲 appears to be a Japanese creation;
- 蝋嘴 'wax bill' is the Chinese name of the bird. (The Chinese naming of Hawfinches and Grosbeaks is confused and this Japanese usage suggests that the problem goes back a long way).
- 姫 hime 'princess' is based on the alternative pronunciation hime.
イカル ikaru (Grosbeaks) is written 桑鳲, 鵤, or 斑鳩 in Chinese characters.
- 桑鳲 is an old Chinese name (桑 means 'mulberry', 鳲 is a kind of cuckoo) but its identification with the grosbeak is probably Japanese.
- The character 鵤 is a Japanese creation based on the bird's 'angular' or kaku-batta bill; the right part of the character, 角 kaku, means 'angle'.
- The reason for using 斑鳩 meaning 'striped pigeon', i.e. Turtle Dove, is unclear.
イスカ isuka (Crossbill) is written 交喙 'crossed bill' in Chinese characters, from the Chinese name 交喙 'crossbill'.
Some of these names were taken into Chinese in the 20th century via Zoological Nomenclature (published 1923) and used with their Chinese readings. They mostly now survive in Taiwan.
The use of Chinese characters to write Japanese words, as seen above, adopts several different expedients:
a) Take over an entire Chinese name (two characters or more) and use it as a whole to represent the Japanese word (e.g. 桑鳲 for ikaru, 交喙 for isuka, 花鶏 for atori). This is known as jukujikun (熟字訓).
b) Take an existing Chinese character and use it for a different bird (e.g. 鷽 uso, 鶸 hiwa).
c) Make up a new character (e.g. 鴲 shime, 鳹 hime, 鵤 ikaru, 鶍 isuka). However, although these are claimed to be new characters, some appear to have already existed in Chinese.
More information on the use of Chinese characters to write Japanese bird names can be found at Writing Japanese Bird Names in Kanji.
Species names
| FRINGILLINAE | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SCIENTIFIC & WESTERN |
JAPANESE |
CHINESE |
KOREAN |
||||
| Fringilla | |||||||
Latin |
Eng, Fr, Ger, Ru |
Japanese |
Other J |
Chinese |
Chinese (Taiwan) |
Other Ch |
Korean |
Fringilla coelebs |
Common Chaffinch Chaffinch |
ズアオアトリ (頭青花鶏) zu-ao atori 'blue/green-headed brambling' |
苍头燕雀 (蒼頭燕雀) 'darkblue-headed swallow-finch' |
||||
| Fringilla montifringilla |
Brambling Pinson du Nord Bergfink Вьюрок |
アトリ (花鶏 ~ 猲子鳥) atori 'brambling' |
燕雀 (燕雀) 'swallow-finch' |
(花雀) 花雀 'flowery finch' |
花鸡 (花雞) 'flowery fowl/chicken'(35 from Zool. Nomen.) 燕雀 (燕雀) 'swallow-finch' (northern) (35) 燕雀儿 (燕雀兒) 'swallow-finch' 花鹊 (花鵲) 'flowery magpie' (touthern) (35) 虎皮雀 (虎皮雀) 'tiger-skin finch' |
되새 doe-sae 'chaffinch bird' |
|
| CARDUELINAE | |||||||
SCIENTIFIC & WESTERN |
JAPANESE |
CHINESE |
KOREAN |
||||
| COCCOTHRAUSTINI | |||||||
| Coccothraustes | |||||||
Latin |
Eng, Fr, Ger, Ru |
Japanese |
Other J |
Chinese |
Chinese (Taiwan) |
Other Ch |
Korean |
| Coccothraustes coccothraustes |
Hawfinch Gros-bec casse-noyaux Kernbeisser Обыкновенный дубонос |
シメ (鴲 ~ 蝋嘴) shime 'hawfinch' |
ヒメ (鴲 ~ 鳹) hime 'hawfinch' (variant form) |
锡嘴雀 (錫嘴雀) 'tin-billed finch' |
(腊嘴雀) 臘嘴雀 'cured-meat-billed finch' |
锡嘴 (錫嘴) 'tin bill' (35) 老锡儿 (老錫兒) 'old tin' 老西子 (老西子) 'old west' 老西儿 (老西兒) 'old west' (northern) (35) 老醯儿 (老醯兒) 'old pickle-vinegar' 厚嘴鸟 (厚嘴鳥) 'thick-billed bird' 铁嘴蜡子 (鐵嘴蠟子) iron-billed wax' 日本锡嘴 (日本錫子) 'Japanese tin-bill' (early ornithological) (35) 腊嘴雀 (臘嘴雀) 'cured-meat-billed finch' (35, from Zool. Nomen.) |
콩새 kong-sae 'bean ? bird' |
| Eophona | |||||||
Latin |
Eng, Fr, Ger, Ru |
Japanese |
Other J |
Chinese |
Chinese (Taiwan) |
Other Ch |
Korean |
| Eophona migratoria Coccothraustes migratorius |
Yellow-billed Grosbeak or Chinese Grosbeak Black-tailed Hawfinch Gros-bec migrateur Schwarzschwanz-Kernbeisser Малый черноголовый дубонос |
コイカル (小桑鳲 ~ 小鵤 ~ 小斑鳩) ko-ikaru 'small grosbeak' |
黑尾蜡嘴雀 (黑尾蠟嘴雀) 'black-tailed wax-billed finch' |
(小桑鸤) 小桑鳲 'small mulberry grosbeak' |
黑头大嘴鸟 (黑頭大嘴鳥) 'black-headed large-billed bird' (early ornithological) (35) 蜡嘴 (蠟嘴) 'wax bill' (general) (35) 皂儿 (皂兒) 'black' (northern) (35) 少花子 (少花子) 'young flower' 小桑鸤 (小桑鳲) 'small mulberry grosbeak' (35, from Zool. Nomen.) |
밀화부리 milhwa-buri 'waxen-bill' |
|
| Eophona personata Coccothraustes personatus |
Japanese grosbeak Masked hawfinch Gros-bec masqué Maskenkernbeisser Большой черноголовый дубонос |
イカル (桑鳲 ~ 鵤 ~ 斑鳩) ikaru 'grosbeak' |
サンコウチョウ (三光鳥) sankōchō 'three light bird' (also name of Terpsiphone atrocaudata) マメマワシ (豆回し) mame-mawashi 'bean turner' (from habit of turning beans in bill as it eats) イカルガ (斑鳩) ikaruga 'ikaruga' (written 'striped pigeon') |
黑头蜡嘴雀 (黑頭蠟嘴雀) 'black-headed wax-billed finch' |
(桑鸤) 桑鳲 'mulberry grosbeak' |
蜡嘴 (蠟嘴) 'wax bill' (35, from Materia Medica) 梧桐 (梧桐) 'Chinese parasol tree' (northern) (35) 桑鸤 (桑鳲) 'mulberry grosbeak' (35, from Zool. Nomen.) |
큰부리밀화부리 keun-buri-milhwa-buri large-billed waxen-bill' |
| CARPODACINI | |||||||
| Erythrina | |||||||
Latin |
Eng, Fr, Ger, Ru |
Japanese |
Other J |
Chinese |
Chinese (Taiwan) |
Other Ch |
Korean |
| Erythrina erythrina Carpodacus erythrinus |
Common rosefinch Roselin cramoisi Karmingimpel Обыкновенная чечевица |
アカマシコ (赤猿子) aka mashiko 'red rosefinch' |
普通朱雀 (普通朱雀) 'common vermilion-finch' |
(普通朱雀) 普通朱雀 'common vermilion-finch' |
朱雀 (朱雀) 'vermilion-finch' (6, 7) 青麻料儿 / 青麻料 (青麻料兒 / 青麻料) / 'green/blue hemp material' (literal) 青雀 (青雀) 'green/blue sparrow' 红雀 (紅雀) 'red finch' (also Schoeniclus rutilus, Amandava amandava, and Passer rutilus) 赤䳦 (赤䳦) 'red-xuan' (35, from Zool. Nomen.) 赫氏红雀 (赫氏紅雀) 'Mr He's red finch' (early ornithological) (35) |
적원자 jeogwonja 'jeogwonja' |
|
| Chaunoproctus | |||||||
| Chaunoproctus ferreorostris |
Bonin Grosbeak Roselin des Bonin Bonin-Kernbeißer |
オガサワラマシコ (小笠原猿子) ogasawara mashiko 'Ogasawara rosefinch' (extinct) |
笠原腊嘴雀 (笠原臘嘴雀) 'Ogasawara wax-billed finch' |
||||
| Carpodacus | |||||||
Latin |
Eng, Fr, Ger, Ru |
Japanese |
Other J |
Chinese |
Chinese (Taiwan) |
Other Ch |
Korean |
| Carpodacus sibiricus Uragus sibiricus |
Long-tailed rosefinch Roselin à longue queue Meisengimpel Длиннохвостая чечевица |
ベニマシコ (紅猿子) beni mashiko 'crimson rosefinch' |
长尾雀 (長尾雀) 'long-tailed finch' |
西比利亚长尾粉红雀 (西比利亞長尾粉紅雀) 'Siberian long-tailed pink-finch' (early ornithological) (35) |
긴꼬리홍양진이 gin-kkori-hong-yangjini 'long-tailed red rosefinch' |
||
| Carpodacus roseus |
Pallas's rosefinch Siberian rosefinch Roselin rose Rosengimpel Сибирская чечевица |
オオマシコ (大猿子) ō mashiko 'large rosefinch' |
北朱雀 (北朱雀) 'northern vermilion-finch' |
(北朱雀) 北朱雀 'northern vermilion-finch' |
靠山红 (靠山紅) 'near mountain red' (northern) (35) 䳦鶡 (䳦鶡) 'xuan-crossbill' (35, from Zool. Nomen.) 西比利亚粉红雀 (西比利亞粉紅雀) 'Siberian pink-finch' (early ornithological) (35) |
양진이 yangjini 'rosefinch' |
|
| PYRRHULINI | |||||||
| Pinicola | |||||||
Latin |
Eng, Fr, Ger, Ru |
Japanese |
Other J |
Chinese |
Chinese (Taiwan) |
Other Ch |
Korean |
| Pinicola enucleator |
Pine grosbeak Pine rosefinch Durbec des sapins Hakengimpel Щур |
ギンザンマシコ (銀山猿子) gin-zan mashiko 'silver mountain rosefinch' |
松雀 (松雀) 'pine-finch' |
松树大嘴雀 (松樹大嘴雀) 'pine large-billed finch' (early ornithological) (35) 松䳦 (赤䳦) 'pine-xuan' (35, from Zool. Nomen.) |
솔양진이 soll-yangjini 'pine rosefinch' |
||
| Pyrrhula | |||||||
Latin |
Eng, Fr, Ger, Ru |
Japanese |
Other J |
Chinese |
Chinese (Taiwan) |
Other Ch |
Korean |
| Pyrrhula pyrrhula |
Eurasian bullfinch Northern bullfinch Common bullfinch Bullfinch Cassin's bullfinch Bouvreuil pivoine Gimpel Обыкновенный снегирь |
ウソ (鷽) uso 'bullfinch' |
ウソドリ (鷽鳥) uso-dori 'bullfinch bird' ウソヒメ (鷽姫) uso-hime 'bullfinch princess' (possibly related to hime 'hawfinch') |
红腹灰雀 (紅腹灰雀) 'red-bellied grey-finch' |
(欧亚鸴) 歐亞鷽 'Eurasian bullfinch' |
Pyrrhula cassini: 鸴 (鷽) 'bullfinch' 拙老婆 (拙老婆) 'stupid wife' (35, from Zool. Nomen.) 牛哞 (牛哞) 'cow/bull moo' 灰儿 (灰兒) 'grey' 东方鸴 (東方鷽) 'eastern bullfinch' (early ornithological) (35) |
멋쟁이 meot-jaengi 'mountain jaeng-i |
| Leucosticte | |||||||
Latin |
Eng, Fr, Ger, Ru |
Japanese |
Other J |
Chinese |
Chinese (Taiwan) |
Other Ch |
Korean |
| Leucosticte arctoa |
Asian rosy finch Rosy mountain finch White-winged mountain finch Roselin brun Rosenbauch-Schneegimpel Сибирский вьюрок |
ハギマシコ (萩猿子) hagi mashiko 'bush-clover rosefinch' |
粉红腹岭雀 (粉紅腹嶺雀) 'pink-bellied mountain-ridge finch' |
北岭雀 (北嶺雀) 'northern mountain-ridge finch' (6, 31) 白翅岭雀 (白翅嶺雀) 'white-winged mountain-ridge finch' |
갈색양진이 gal-saeg-yangjini 'brown-coloured rosefinch' |
||
| CARDUELINI | |||||||
| Chloris | |||||||
Latin |
Eng, Fr, Ger, Ru |
Japanese |
Other J |
Chinese |
Chinese (Taiwan) |
Other Ch |
Korean |
| Chloris sinica Carduelis sinica |
Grey-capped Greenfinch East Asian Greenfinch Greenfinch Chinese greenfinch Verdier de Chine Chinesengrünling Китайская зеленушка |
カワラヒワ (河原鶸) kawara hiwa 'river-bed siskin' |
金翅雀 (金翅雀) 'gold-winged finch' (1, 2, 3, 4) or 金翅 (金翅) 'gold-wing' (alt in 1, 3, 5)  Taxonomy
东方金翅 (東方金翅) 'eastern gold-wing' (5) |
(金翅雀) 金翅雀 'gold-winged finch' |
金翅儿 (金翅兒) 'gold-wing' (northern) (35) 芦花黄雀 (蘆花黃雀) 'reed catkin yellow-finch' (southern) (35) (also C. spinus) 黄楠雀 (黄楠雀) 'yellow Phoebe zhennan finch' 黄翎子 (黄翎子) 'yellow feather' 东方金翅鸟 (東方金翅鳥) 'East Asian gold-winged bird' 绿雀 (綠雀) 'green finch' 中国绿雀 (中國綠雀) 'Chinese green finch' (early ornithological) (35) |
방울새 bangul-sae 'finch bird' |
|
| Acanthis | |||||||
Latin |
Eng, Fr, Ger, Ru |
Japanese |
Other J |
Chinese |
Chinese (Taiwan) |
Other Ch |
Korean |
| Acanthis flammea Carduelis flammea |
Common redpoll Redpoll Sizerin flammé Birkenzeisig Обыкновенная чечетка |
ベニヒワ (紅鶸) beni hiwa 'crimson siskin' |
白腰朱顶雀 (白腰朱頂雀) 'white-rumped vermilion-capped finch' |
(普通朱顶雀) 普通朱頂雀 'common vermilion-capped finch' |
朱顶雀 (朱頂雀) 'vermilion-capped finch' 贮点 (貯點) '(literally) save-a-bit' (northern) (35) 贮点红 (貯點紅) '(literally) save-a-bit red' (northern) (35) 红鶸 (紅鶸) 'red siskin' (35, from Zool. Nomen.) (from Japanese) |
홍방울새 hong-bangul-sae 'red finch bird' |
|
| Acanthis hornemanni Carduelis hornemanni |
Arctic redpoll OR Hoary redpoll Sizerin blanchâtre Polar-Birkenzeisig Пепельная чечетка |
コベニヒワ (小紅鶸) ko beni hiwa 'small crimson siskin' |
极北朱顶雀 (北極朱頂雀) 'far north vermilion-capped finch' |
圭尼兰贮点红 (圭尼蘭貯點紅) '(literally) Guinilan's save-a-bit red' (early ornithological) (35) |
쇠홍방울새 soe-hong-bangul-sae 'small red finch bird' |
||
| Loxia | |||||||
Latin |
Eng, Fr, Ger, Ru |
Japanese |
Other J |
Chinese |
Chinese (Taiwan) |
Other Ch |
Korean |
| Loxia curvirostra |
Red crossbill Crossbill Bec-croisé des sapins Fichtenkreuzschnabel Обыкновенный клест |
イスカ (交喙 ~ 鶍) isuka 'crossbill' |
红交嘴雀 (紅交嘴雀) 'red cross-billed finch' |
歪嘴雀 (歪嘴雀) 'crooked-billed finch' 交嘴 (交嘴) 'cross-bill' 东方交嘴 (東方交嘴) 'eastern cross-bill' (early ornithological) (35) 交嘴雀 (交嘴雀) 'cross-billed finch' 交嘴鸟 (交嘴鳥) 'cross-billed bird' 交喙鸟 (交喙鳥) 'cross-billed bird' (35, from Zool. Nomen.) 红交嘴 (紅交嘴) 'red cross-bill' (35) (male) 青交嘴 (青交嘴) 'green/blue cross-bill' (35) (female) 白腹鶡 (白腹鶡) 'white-bellied crossbill' (35, from Zool. Nomen.) |
솔잣새 sol-jas-sae 'pine crossbill bird' |
||
| Loxia leucoptera |
White-winged crossbill Bec-croisé bifascié Bindenkreuzschnabel Белокрылый клест |
ナキイスカ (鳴き交喙 ~ 鳴き鶍) naki-isuka 'crying crossbill' |
白翅交嘴雀 (白翅交嘴雀) 'white-winged cross-billed finch' |
交嘴 (交嘴) 'cross-bill' 交嘴鸟 (交嘴鳥) 'cross-billed bird' 交喙鸟 (交喙鳥) 'cross-billed bird' 花膀交嘴 (花膀交嘴) 'flowery-winged cross-bill' (northern) (35) 斑双鶡 (斑雙鶡) 'twin-striped crossbill' (35, from Zool. Nomen.) 东方两膀带交嘴 (東方兩膀帶交嘴) 'eastern two wing-striped cross-bill' (early ornithological) (35) |
흰죽지솔잣새 huin-jukji-sol-jas-sae 'white-wingjointed pine crossbill bird' |
||
| Spinus | |||||||
Latin |
Eng, Fr, Ger, Ru |
Japanese |
Other J |
Chinese |
Chinese (Taiwan) |
Other Ch |
Korean |
| Spinus spinus Carduelis spinus |
Eurasian siskin Spruce siskin Siskin Tarin des aulnes Erlenzeisig Чиж |
マヒワ (真鶸) ma-hiwa 'true siskin' |
黄雀 (黃雀) 'yellow-finch' |
(黃雀) 黄雀 'yellow-finch' |
黄鸟 (黃鳥) 'yellow bird' (also used for Oriolus chinensis) 黄雀 (黃雀) 'yellow finch' (northern) (35) 芦花黄雀 (蘆花黃雀) 'reed catkin yellow-finch' (southern) (35)(also C. sinica) 普通黄雀 (普通黃雀) 'common yellow finch' (early ornithological) (35) |
검은머리방울새 geomeun-meori-bangul-sae 'black-headed finch bird' |
|
䳦 is read xuān and appears to mean 'wren' or 'tailorbird'.
鶡 is read hé and means 'crossbill' or 'a species of nightingale'. In Japanese it is used to write イスカ isuka 'crossbill', and is borrowed into Chinese as such in early ornithological sources.
Pyrrhula griseiventris (East Asian Bullfinch) is found in Chinese sources (1, 2, 5, 6), but in Howard and Moore is recognised only as a subspecies of Pyrrhula pyrrhula. Its Chinese name is 灰腹灰雀 huī-tóu huī-què 'grey-bellied grey-finch'.
The name アトリ atori has traditionally been written: 1. as 花鶏 literally 'flower chicken/fowl', an old Chinese name for the Brambling; 2. using the character combination 猲子鳥, also presumably of Chinese origin.
The name イスカ isuka has traditionally been written: 1. with the Chinese name of the crossbill, 交喙 meaning 'crossed bill'; 2. using the Japanese created character 鶍.
The name ヒメ hime is a pronunciation variant of シメ shime (the sounds シ shi and ヒ hi are similar in pronunciation, resulting in confusion in certain varieties of Japanese). As a bird name, ヒメ hime has traditionally been written either 1. with the Japanese-created (or adapted) character for シメ shime, 鴲, or 2. another specially created character, 鳹.
The name シメ shime has traditionally been written: 1. with the Japanese-created (or adapted) character 鴲, 2. the Chinese name of the bird, written 蝋嘴 'wax bill'.
A variety of Chinese characters or character combinations have traditionally been used to write the word イカル ikaru: 1. the characters 桑鳲, identified as the Chinese name for the grosbeaks; 2. the Japanese-created character 鵤; 3. the Chinese characters 斑鳩 meaning 'striped pigeon'.
中国鸟类种和亚种分类名录大全（修订版） 郑作新 著 科学出版社 北京 2000年
A Complete Checklist of Species and Subspecies of the Chinese Birds (Revised Edition) by Cheng Tso-Hsin, Science Press, Beijing 2000
中国鸟类分类与分布名录 主编：郑光美 科学出版社 北京 2005年
A Checklist on the Classification and Distribution of the Birds of China Chief editor: Zheng Guangmei, Science Press, Beijing 2005
中国鸟类野外手册（中文版）约翰・马敬能、卡伦・菲利普斯，合作者：荷芬奇，翻译：卢和芬 湖南教育出版社 长沙 2000年
A Field Guide to the Birds of China (Chinese translation) by John MacKinnon, Karen Phillipps, in collaboration with He Fen-qi, translated by Lu Hefen, Hunan Jiaoyu Chubanshe (Hunan Educational Press) Changsha 2000
世界鸟类分类与分布名录 主编：郑光美 科学出版社 北京 2002年
A Checklist on the Classification and Distribution of the Birds of the World Chief editor: Zheng Guangmei, Science Press, Beijing 2002
世界鸟类名称（拉丁文、汉文、英文对照）第二版 郑作新等 科学出版社 北京 2002年
Birds of the World (Latin, Chinese and English Names) 2nd ed. by Cheng Tso-Hsin et al, Science Press, Beijing 2002
中国鸟类分布名录 第二版 郑作新 科学出版社 北京 1976年
(Checklist of the Classification of Birds of China 2nd edition by Cheng Tso-Hsin, Science Press, Beijing 1976)
香港及華南鳥類（第六版）（翻譯成中文及重新修訂） 尹璉、費嘉倫、林超英 香港性徵特區政府新聞處政府印務局 1994年
Birds of Hong Kong and South China (6th edition, translated into Chinese and newly revised) by Clive Viney, Karen Phillipps, Lin Chaoying, Hong Kong Govt. Press 1994
汉蒙名词术语分类词典（自然科学部分） Mongolian (Cyrillic): Хятад Монгол нэр томъёоны зүйл хуваасан толь (байгалийн шинжлэх ухааны бүлэг) (Chinese-Mongolian classified terminological dictionary, natural sciences part) by 《汉蒙名词术语分类词典》编纂委员会 Mongolian (Cyrillic): "Хятад Монгол нэр томъёоны зүйл хуваасан толь" найруулах комисс (Chinese-Mongolian classified terminological dictionary editorial committee), Inner Mongolian People's Press, Hohhot 1990
Chinese Birds (A Tentative List of Chinese Birds) 中國鳥類（中國鳥類目錄試編） N. Gist Gee, Lacy I. Moffett, G. D. Wilder (祁天錫, 慕維德, 萬卓志), Peiping, 1927 (reprinted 1948)
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