Laridae
Цахлайнхан
tsakhlaiŋkhaŋ

General

This list should be regarded as being 'in beta'. Information is based on dictionaries and other sources. Many Kazakh, Turkish, and Korean glosses are highly tentative. Comments and corrections welcome.

The Mongolian word for 'gull' is Цахлай tsakhlai, also seen as Захлай zakhlai. A name for larger gulls is Хайлган khailgaŋ or Хайлгана khailgan, but this is now used by naturalists to refer to the skuas/jaegars.

Words for 'tern' are Хараалай kharaalai, Хараалзай kharaalzai. In Inner Mongolia, the terns are called Хараацайч цахлай kharaatsaich tsakhlai 'swallow-gull', which is possibly the origin of the form Хараалай kharaalai. A word used for riverine terns is Амуулай amuulai or Амлай amlai.

Regularised names:

The 2007 official list assigns a different name to each genus, as follows:

The main method of creating new generic names is to press existing variants (Захлай zakhlai, Хараалзай kharaalzai) or other existing names (Aмуулай amuulai) into service. Two other names, Ягаандай yagaandai based on ягаан yagaaŋ meaning 'pink', and Шунгуулай shuŋguulai, yet another name based on the verb шунгах shuŋgakh 'to dive', are either coinages or existing words not listed in dictionaries.

Species names

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LARINAE SCIENTIFIC & WESTERN MONGOLIAN EAST ASIAN TURKIC Larus                 Latin English/Russian Mongolian Former & Other M Chinese (incl. Taiwan) Japanese Korean Kazakh Turkish Larus crassirostris Black-tailed gull Japanese gull Чернохвостая чайка Харсүүлт цахлай khar-süült tsakhlai 'black-tailed gull' Хар сүүлт цахлай khar süült tsakhlai 'black-tailed gull' 黑尾鸥 (黑尾鷗) hēi-wěi ōu 'black-tailed gull' Taiwan: (黑尾鸥) 黑尾鷗 hēi-wěi ōu 'black-tailed gull' ウミネコ (海猫) umi-neko 'sea cat' 괭이갈매기 gwaengi-galmaegi 'cat gull'     Larus canus Mew gull Common gull Сизая чайка Үүлэн цахлай üüleŋ tsakhlai 'cloud gull' Үүлэн цахлай üüleŋ tsakhlai 'cloud gull' 海鸥 (海鷗) hǎi ōu 'sea gull' Taiwan: (海鸥) 海鷗 hǎi ōu 'sea gull' カモメ (鴎) kamome 'gull' 갈매기 galmaegi 'gull' Көк шағала kök şağala 'blue gull' Küçük Gümüş Martı 'small silver-gull' Larus hyperboreus Glaucous gull Большая полярная чайка, Бургомистр Мөсний цахлай mösni tsakhlai 'ice gull' Мөсний цахлай mösni tsakhlai 'ice gull' 北极鸥 (北極鷗) běi jí ōu 'north pole gull' Taiwan: (北极鸥) 北極鷗 běi jí ōu 'north pole gull' シロカモメ (白鴎) shiro-kamome 'white gull' 흰갈매기 huin-galmaegi 'white gull' Дуанбас dwanbas 'dwanbas' Kutup Martısı 'polar gull' Larus argentatus Taxonomy Herring gull Серебристая чайка Мөнгөлөг цахлай möŋglög tsakhlai 'silver-gull' Мөнгөлөг цахлай möŋglög tsakhlai 'silver-gull' 银鸥 (銀鷗) yín-ōu 'silver-gull' Taiwan: (银鸥) 銀鷗 yín-ōu 'silver-gull' Taiwan former official: (黑脊鸥) 黑脊鷗 hēi-jǐ ōu 'black-spined gull' セグロカモメ (背黒鴎) se-guro kamome 'black-backed gull' ウスセグロカモメ (薄背黒鴎) usu se-guro kamome 'light black-backed gull' (if species status of L. vegae is recognised) 옅은재갈매기 yeoteun-jae-galmaegi 'pale ash gull' Taxonomy Қылқаң шағала qılqañ şağala 'fishbone gull' Kuzey Gümüş Martı 'northern silver-gull' Larus cachinnans Yellow-legged gull Caspian gull Хохотунья Үхэр цахлай ükher tsakhlai 'ox gull' Бархираа цахлай barkh'raa tsakhlai 'screaming gull' 黄腿银鸥 (黃腿銀鷗) huáng-tuǐ yín ōu 'yellow-legged silver-gull' (2) 黄脚银鸥 (黃腳銀鷗) huáng-jiǎo yín-ōu 'yellow-footed silver-gull' (3) or 黄脚鸥 (黃腳鷗) huáng-jiǎo ōu 'yellow-footed gull' (Alternative in 3) 黄腿鸥 (黃腿鷗) huáng-tuǐ ōu 'yellow-legged gull' (4) Taiwan: (黄脚银鸥) 黃腳銀鷗 huáng-jiǎo yín-ōu 'yellow-footed silver-gull' キアシセグロカモメ (黄足背黒鴎) ki-ashi se-guro kamome 'yellow-legged black-backed gull' (Internet) 노랑발갈매기 norang-bal-galmaegi 'yellow-legged gull' (L. mongolicus) 카스피해갈매기 Kaseupi-hae-galmaegi 'Caspian sea gull' (L. cachinnans) Өгізшагала ögiz-şagala 'yellow gull' Gümüş Martı 'silver-gull' Latin English/Russian Mongolian Former & Other M Chinese (incl. Taiwan) Japanese Korean Kazakh Turkish Larus ichthyaetus Great black-headed gull or Pallas's Gull Черноголовый хохотун Итэлгэн цахлай itelgeŋ tsakhlai 'itelgen gull' (related to итлэг, a kind of raptor?) Итэлгэн цахлай itelgeŋ tsakhlai 'itelgen gull' (related to итлэг, a kind of raptor?) 渔鸥 (漁鷗) yú-ōu 'fishing gull' Taiwan: (渔鸥) 漁鷗 yú-ōu 'fishing gull' オオズグロカモメ (大頭黒鴎) ō zu-guro kamome 'large black-headed gull' 큰검은머리갈매기 keun-geomeun-meori-galmaegi 'large black-headed gull' Қарабас өгізшағала qara-bas ögiz-şağala 'black-headed yellow gull' Büyük Karabaş Martı 'large black-headed gull' Larus brunnicephalus Brown-headed gull Indian black-headed gull Буроголовоя чайка Бортолгойт цахлай bor-tolgoit tsakhlai 'brown-headed gull' Бор толгойт цахлай bor tolgoit tsakhlai 'brown-headed gull' 棕头鸥 (棕頭鷗) zōng-tóu ōu 'reddishbrown-headed gull' Taiwan: (棕头鸥) 棕頭鷗 zōng-tóu ōu 'reddishbrown-headed gull' チャガシラカモメ (茶頭鴎) cha-gashira kamome 'brown-headed gull'       Larus ridibundis Common black-headed gull Black-headed gull Озерная чайка, Обыкновенная речная Хүрэнтолгойт цахлай khüren-tolgoit tsakhlai 'darkbrown-headed gull' Хүрэн толгойт цахлай khüren tolgoit tsakhlai 'darkbrown-headed gull' 红嘴鸥 (紅嘴鷗) hóng-zuǐ ōu 'red-billed gull' Taiwan: (红嘴鸥) 紅嘴鷗 hóng-zuǐ ōu 'red-billed gull' ユリカモメ (百合鴎) yuri kamome 'lily gull' 붉은부리갈매기 bulgeun-buri-galmaegi 'red-billed gull' Көл шағала köl şağala 'numerous ???? gull' Karabaş Martı 'black-headed gull' Larus genei Slender-billed gull Морской голубок, Тонкоклювая чайка Шөвгөр цахлай shövgör tsakhlai 'sharp-pointed gull'   细嘴鸥 (細嘴鷗) xì-zuǐ ōu 'slender-billed gull' ハシボソカモメ (嘴細鴎) hashi-boso kamome 'slender-billed gull' 기린목갈매기 girin-mok-galmaegi 'qilin-necked gull' or 긴목갈매기 gin-mok-galmaegi 'long-necked gull' Теңіз шағаласы teñiz şağalası 'sea gull' İncegagalı Martı 'slender-billed gull' Larus relictus (No. 37) Relict gull Relic gull Реликтовая чайка Рэликт цахлай relikt tsakhlai 'relikt gull'   遗鸥 (遺鷗) yí-ōu 'relic gull' ゴビズキンカモメ (ゴビ頭巾鴎) gobi zukin kamome 'Gobi hooded gull' 적호갈매기 jeokho-galmaegi 'jeokho gull' or 고대갈매기 godae-galmaegi 'ancient gull' Мойнақ moynaq 'moynaq' or Алакөз alaköz 'motley-eye?'   Larus minutus Little gull Малая чайка Хурган цахлай khurgaŋ tsakhlai 'lamb gull' Хурган цахлай khurgaŋ tsakhlai 'lamb gull' 小鸥 (小鷗) xiǎo-ōu 'small gull' Taiwan: (小鸥) 小鷗 xiǎo-ōu 'small gull' ヒメカモメ (姫鴎) hime kamome 'princess gull'   Кіші шағала kişi şağala 'small gull' Küçük Martı 'small gull' Rhodostethia                 Latin English/Russian Mongolian Former & Other M Chinese (incl. Taiwan) Japanese Korean Kazakh Turkish Rhodostethia rosea Larus roseus Ross's gull Wedge-tailed gull Розовая чайка Хүзүүвчит ягаандай khüzüüvchit yagaandai 'ring-necked yagaandai' Ягаан цахлай yagaaŋ tsakhlai 'pink gull' 楔尾鸥 (楔尾鷗) xiē-wěi ōu 'wedge-tailed gull' ヒメクビワカモメ (姫首輪鴎) hime kubi-wa kamome 'princess neck-ringed gull' 쇠목테갈매기 soe-mok-te-galmaegi 'small throat-banded gull'     Rissa                 Latin English/Russian Mongolian Former & Other M Chinese (incl. Taiwan) Japanese Korean Kazakh Turkish Rissa tridactyla Larus tridactylus Black-legged kittiwake Kittiwake Моевка, Обыкновенная моевка Гурванхуруут захлай gurveŋ-khuruut zakhlai 'three-toed gull' Гурван хуруут цахлай gurveŋ khuruut zakhlai 'three-toed gull' 三趾鸥 (三趾鷗) sān-zhǐ ōu 'three-toed gull' Taiwan: (三趾鸥) 三趾鷗 sān-zhǐ ōu 'three-toed gull' ミツユビカモメ (三つ趾鴎) mitsu-yubi kamome 'three-toed gull' 세가락갈매기 se-garak-galmaegi 'three-toed gull' Үшсаусақты шағала üş-sawsaqtı şağala 'three-toed gull' Karayaklı Martı 'black-burned? gull'

STERNINAE SCIENTIFIC & WESTERN MONGOLIAN EAST ASIAN TURKIC Sterna                 Latin English/Russian Mongolian Former & Other M Chinese (incl. Taiwan) Japanese Korean Kazakh Turkish Sterna nilotica Gelochelidon nilotica Gull-billed tern Чайконосая крачка Бахим амууулай bakhim amuulai 'short-stout amuulai' Бахим хараалай bakhim kharaalai 'short-stout tern' 鸥嘴噪鸥 (鷗嘴噪鷗) ōu-zuǐ zào-ōu 'gull-billed noisy gull' Taiwan (鸥嘴燕鸥) 鷗嘴燕鷗 ōu-zuǐ yàn-ōu 'gull-billed swallow-gull' ハシブトアジサシ (嘴太鯵刺) hashi-buto aji-sashi 'thick-billed tern' (aji-sashi written 'horse-mackerel stabber') 큰부리제비갈매기 keun-buri-jebi-galmaegi 'large-billed swallow-gull' Қаратұмсық қарқылдақ qara-tumsıq qarqıldaq 'black-billed tern' Gülen Sumru 'laughing tern' Sterna caspia Hydroprogne caspia Hydroprogne tschegrava Caspian tern Чеграва Морин шунгуулай moriŋ shuŋguulai 'horse shuunguulai' Морин хараалай moriŋ kharaalai 'horse tern' 红嘴巨鸥 (紅嘴巨鷗) hóng-zuǐ jù-ōu 'red-billed giant gull' or 黑海巨鸥 (黑海巨鷗) hēi-hǎi jù-ōu 'Black Sea giant gull' (Alternative in 5) Taiwan: (里海燕鸥) 裏海燕鷗 lǐ hǎi yàn-ōu 'inland sea (=Caspian Sea) swallow-gull' オニアジサシ (鬼鯵刺) oni aji-sashi 'ogre tern' (aji-sashi written 'horse-mackerel stabber') 붉은부리큰제비갈매기 bulgeun-buri-keun-jebi-galmaegi 'red-billed large swallow-gull' Үлкен қарқылдақ ülken qarqıldaq 'large tern' Büyük Sumru 'large tern' Sterna hirundo Common tern Речная крачка, Обыкновенная крачка Эгэл хараалай egel kharaalai 'common tern' Хараалай kharaalai 'tern' 普通燕鸥 (普通燕鷗) pǔtōng yàn-ōu 'common swallow-gull' Taiwan: (燕鸥) 燕鷗 yàn-ōu 'swallow-gull' アジサシ (鯵刺) aji-sashi 'tern' (aji-sashi written 'horse-mackerel stabber') 제비갈매기 jebi-galmaegi 'swallow-gull' Өзен қарқылдақ özen qarqıldaq 'river tern' Sumru 'tern' Sterna albifrons Little tern Малая крачка Хурган хараалай khurgaŋ kharaalai 'lamb tern' Хурган хараалай khurgaŋ kharaalai 'lamb tern' 白额燕鸥 (白額燕鷗) bái-é yàn-ōu 'white-foreheaded swallow-gull' Taiwan: (小燕鸥) 小燕鷗 xiǎo yàn-ōu 'little swallow-gull' コアジサシ (小鯵刺) ko-aji-sashi 'little tern' (aji-sashi written 'horse-mackerel stabber') 쇠제비갈매기 soe-jebi-galmaegi 'small swallow-gull' Кіші қарқылдақ kişi qarqıldaq 'small tern' Küçük Sumru 'small tern' Chlidonias                 Latin English/Russian Mongolian Former & Other M Chinese (incl. Taiwan) Japanese Korean Kazakh Turkish Chlidonias hybrida Chlidonias hybridus Sterna hybrida Whiskered tern Белощекая крачка Цагааншанаа хараалзай tsagaaŋ-shanaa kharaalzai 'white-cheek tern (variant)' Шанаа цагаан хараалай shanaa tsagaaŋ kharaalai 'cheek-white tern' 须浮鸥 (鬚浮鷗) xū fú-ōu 'whiskered floating-gull' Taiwan: (黑腹燕鸥) 黑腹燕鷗 hēi-fù yàn-ōu 'black-bellied swallow-gull' クロハラアジサシ (黒腹鯵刺) kuro-hara aji-sashi 'black-bellied tern' (aji-sashi written 'horse-mackerel stabber') 구레나룻제비갈매기 gurenarut-jebi-galmaegi 'whiskered swallow-gull' Ақжағал қарқылдақ aq-jağal qarqıldaq 'white-speckled tern' Bıyıklı Sumru 'whiskered tern' Chlidonias leucopterus Sterna leucoptera White-winged black tern White-winged tern Белокрылая крачка Буурал хараалзай buural kharaalzai 'greyish tern (variant)' Буурал хараалай buural kharaalai 'greyish tern' 白翅浮鸥 (白翅浮鷗) bái-chì fú-ōu 'white-winged floating-gull' Taiwan: (白翅黑燕鸥) 白翅黑燕鷗 bái-chì hēi yàn-ōu 'white-winged black swallow-gull' ハジロクロハラアジサシ (羽白黒腹鯵刺) ha-jiro kuro-hara aji-sashi 'white-winged black-bellied tern' (aji-sashi written 'horse-mackerel stabber') 흰죽지갈매기 huin-jukji-galmaegi 'white wingjoint gull' Аққанат қарқылдақ aq-qanat qarqıldaq 'white-winged tern' Akkanatlı Sumru 'white-winged tern' Chlidonias niger Chlidonias nigra Sterna nigra Black tern Черная крачка Хилэн хараалзай khileŋ kharaalzai 'velvet (?) tern (variant)' Хилэн хараалай khileŋ kharaalai 'velvet (?) tern' 黑浮鸥 (黑浮鷗) hēi fú-ōu 'black floating-gull' Taiwan: (黑浮鸥) 黑浮鷗 hēi fú-ōu 'black floating-gull' ハシグロクロハラアジサシ (嘴黒黒腹鯵刺) hashi-guro kuro-hara aji-sashi 'black-billed black-bellied tern' (aji-sashi written 'horse-mackerel stabber') 검은제비갈매기 geomeun-jebi-galmaegi 'black swallow-gull' Қара қарқылдақ qara qarqıldaq 'black tern' Kara Sumru 'black tern'

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